语态 

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语态是用来说明主语和谓语两者关系的一种动词形式。主动语态句中的主语是动作的执行者或发行者，被动语态句中的主语是动作的承受者。主动语态变被动语态是初中英语语法重点之一，也是全国各地中考必考的考点之一。

英语动词的被动语态有助动词 be+及物动词的过去分词组成，be必须与主语的人称、数保持一致。被动语态的时态也是通过be的变化表示的。初中阶段主要掌握以下三种：

(1) 一般现在时的被动语态：is/are +过去分词

(2) 一般过去时的被动语态was/were+过去分词

(3) 含有情态动词的被动语态：can/ may/ must等+be+过去分词。

例如：

Trees are planted every year.

The bottle was filled with water by the little boy.

The work must be finished in a week.

1. 主动语态变被动语态

(1)带双宾语的动词变被动语态，常把指人的间接宾语做被动句的主语，也可以把指物的直接宾语做被动

句的主语，这时间接宾语前需加介词to或for，to可省略，for不可省略。

例如：He gave me a book．

I was given a book．

或A book was given (to) me．  (to可省略)

Mother bought me a bike last month．  

I was bought a bike last month．

或A bike was bought for me last month．(for不可省略)

(2)短语动词的被动语态。 

有些短语相当于一个及物动词，在变被动语态时，其后面的介词不可省略。 

 如：The baby is looked after well．

These things were taken good care Of here．

 (3)含有宾语补足语的句子中，那些感官动词和使役动词后面省略to的动词不定式，变为被动语态时要加to。

例如：Mother made me wash clothes last Sunday．I was made to wash clothes last Sunday.

I saw your mother go into the shop.-your mother was seen to go into the shop.     

2. 不宜使用被动语态的几种情况  

 (1)谓语虽然是及物动词，但这种动词不强调动作而强调状态，例如have，fit，sell，suit，cost，last，own等。

例如：We will have a meeting tomorrow morning.

The coat fits me well．

The books sell well．

 (2)宾语是从句、形式宾语、非谓语动词、反身代词、相互代词或含有物主代词时，也没有被动语态。

例如：I taught myself English．

He has finished doing his homework．

We can help each other．

I don't think that they are right

We found useful to learn a foreign language．

(3)“动同+宾语 ”构成的短语动词是不可分割的整体时，不宜用被动语态．常见的有make a face，take place, break one’s word(失信)，keep one’s word(守信)等短语动词。

如: The naughty boy made n face in class．

He has broken his words many times．

(4)祈使句一般不被动语态。因为其动作的执行者you足明确的，被省略了

如：Clean the blackboard, please.

Don’t look out of the window

(5)某些及物动词如leave, enter, join, reach等的宾语表示处所、地点或组织时，不宜用被动语态。

如：My mother left that city ten years ago．

My brother joined the army two years ago．

(6)宾语是表示数量、长度、大小或程度的词或词组，不宜用被动语态。

如：They paid fifty Yuan for the coat．

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典型例题

例1 The key for____ unlocking the class room door.

A. uses      B. is used        

C. is using   D. use

解析：be used for表示“被用来做……”，后面接名词或v-ing形式，其中的for表示用途；be used as表示“被用做”，后面跟名词；be used by表示“被 使用",后面接表示人的名词或代词，其中by的宾语是动作的执行者；be used to后面如果跟动词原形时，意为“被用来做”，是被动语态，主语常为物；若后面跟名词或v-ing形式时，意为“习惯于做某事”，此时to为介词。

答案：B

例2 Old people must____ .

A. be spoken to politely B. speak to polite

C. be spoken politely   D. speak polite

解析：本题考查含有情态动词的被动语态，其肯定结构是：情态动词+be+过去分词。speak是不及物动词，其后面的介词to不能省略。

答案：A

例3 So far, man-made satellites have been _____ into space by many countries.

A. opened up    B. put up  

C. sent up    D. sent

解析：这是一道源自课本的中考题，考查的是现在完成时的被动语态。

答案：C

例4 —Please say “I am here” when your name_____, will you?

—Yes, Mr. Hu.

A. will be called B. calls C. is called D. is called

解析：本题是对被动语态的考查。另外，主句是将来时态，when引导的时间状语从句用一般现在时。

答案：C

例5 My watch doesn’t work. I must have it ____.

A. repaired    B. repairs   

C. repair    D. repairing

解析：“have+宾语+过去分词”即have sth. done结构，常用来表示“让别人做某事”的含义；而“have+宾语+动词原形”则表示“让某人做某事”，即由宾语来做某事。

答案：A

例6 The World Cup _____ in South Korea and Japan now.

A. being had    B. is having   

C. is holding    D. is being held

解析：本题考查现在进行时的被动语态“be being+过去分词”。

答案：D 

例7 The APEC meeting _____ in Shanghai last year. I hear it ____ in different countries every year.

A. is held；is held    B. was held；is held 

C. was held；has held D. is held；was held 

解析：时间状语last year决定句子用一般过去时，every year决定后句用一般现在时，两句都用被动语态形式。

答案：B

例8 A new bridge ____ over the river next year.  

A. is built    B. will build    C. will be built

解析：本题考查一般将来时的被动语态：will be +过去分词。

答案：C

例9 can you tell me whom the story ___ in 1998?

A. was written by B. was written C. is written by D. is written

解析：这是一道考查被动语态的题，时间状语in1998决定动作是发生在过去，注意引出作者的介词by，不能漏掉。

答案：A

例10 In our school , library books ____within two weeks.

A. return     B. must return

C. will return  D. must be returned

解析：本题是考查含有情态动词的被动语态。

答案：D