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| 书面表达动词错误透视 | |||||
作者:佚名 文章来源:本站原创 点击数: 更新时间:2006-1-5 ![]() |
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书面表达动词错误透视 无论从词法还是从句法上讲,英语中动词是最关键的。而中学生在写书面表达时动词方面的错误更是屡见不鲜。一般说来,中学生在写书面表达时出现的动词错误主要包括以下几个方面: 一、词形方面错误 英语属屈折语,动词有各种复杂的屈折变化。由于忽略了这些变化,许多同学在写句子时屡屡出现词形错误。如: 1)In short,things have began to improve since schools were called on to reduce learning load.(应为:begun) 2)I was studing in my room when the telephone rang.(应为:studying) 3)The taxi driver drived so fast that the car knocked into a truck.(应为:drove) 4)That afternoon I went swiming together with my friend,Li Dong.(应为:swimming) 注意:应格外注意动词过去式、过去分词、现在分词、单数第三人称形式以及不规则动词的变化。 二、词性方面错误 1.及物动词与不及物动词的混用。 英语中动词有及物动词与不及物动词之分。及物动词在使用时必须跟宾语,否则意义不完整;而不及物动词在使用时没有宾语,也不能用于被动语态。由于忽略了这种区别,有些同学在表达时出现的错误不胜枚举。如: 1)We offered to give her some money,but she didn't accept.(误) 析:句中accept为及物动词,后面应接it,指代前面的money。 2)The teacher entered into the classroom, with a book in his hand.(误) 析:enter本身为及物动词,相当于go(come)into,故应将into删去。 3)It was already dark when we reached.(误) 析:应改为arrived或got there。英语中 reach为及物动词,使用时通常接宾语,相当于arrive at /get to。 4)We all agreed Mary's idea.(误) 析:agree为不及物动词,应在agreed之后加上with。 5)Mary married with John two years ago.(误) 正:Mary married John two years ago./或:Mary was married to John two years ago. 析:marry为及物动词,不与with连用。“与某人结婚”应为marry sb.或be married tosb.。 注意:易用错的这类不及物动词有:happen /take place /occur /break out /come about / remain /disappear等;及物动词有:marry /enter /serve /reach /accept等。 2.不及物动词与系动词之间的误用。 1)The music sounds well.(误) 析:well应改为good。英语中look, sound,taste,smell等半系动词后面应接形容词作表语。 2)This record sells good.(误) 析:good应改为well。sell这里为不及物动词,表示“出售情况如何”,应与副词连用。类似的还有wash,write等。 3.动词与形容词、介词之间的混用。 由于对词性重视不够,许多同学造句时常用形容词、介词等来代替动词在句中作谓语。如: 1)Our English teacher,Miss Liu is ill.Who will instead of her?(误) 析:instead of为介词。应将其换为take the place of,或者说Who will take her class instead? 2)We all against Bob's plan.(误) 析:against为介词。应在all前加上are,将此句变为系表结构。 三、词义方面错误 “意义重于形式”是语言学习中必须遵循的重要原则之一。许多同学写作时往往只注意了动词词形的变化,而忽略了词义,特别是词的引申意义。如: 1)The English lessons that Miss Helen taught us were lively and interesting.(误) 析:teach sb.a lesson意为“教训某人一顿”。根据句意,应将taught改为gave。 2)The big fire spread through the building quickly,but luckily everybody tried to escape.(误) 析:try to do表示“试图做某事”,但成功与否不确定。manage to do的含义是“设法做成某事”。根据句意应使用managed to escape或was able to escape。 3)We all persuaded Father to give up smoking,but he wouldn't listen.(误) 析:persuade的含义是“成功地劝说(说服)某人做某事”。根据句意应使用tried to persuade。 4)The young man pointed to a policeman over there,explained and said,“He stopped us half an hour ago.”(误) 析:语义重复。应将and said去掉。explain本身就是“解释说”的意思,没必要再与say连用。另外,把“over there,explained”改成overthere and explained就更连贯了。 四、时态、语态方面错误 1.时态错误是中学生写作时普遍存在的问题。主要原因是:1)对各种时态的基本概念不清楚。2)时间立足点把握不准。3)母语干扰。由于汉语中动词没有“时态”的变化,许多同学在用英语表达时大脑中缺乏时态的概念,因而出现的时态错误随处可见。如: 1)He is working in this company ever since he was graduated from college. 正:He has been working in this company ever since he graduated from college. 2)I was watching TV when the telephone was ringing. 析:was ringing应改为rang。过去进行时常与一般过去时搭配使用,表示一个动作正在进行的同时,发生了另外一个动作。 3)The teacher explained that light travelled faster than sound. 析:dressing主句虽为一般过去时,但“光比声音传播的速度快”是客观事实,故应使用一般现在时,将travelled改为travels。 2.英语中不及物动词不能用于被动语态中。另外,汉语在表达时用主动形式较多,因受母语干扰,不少同学也常犯语态方面错误。如: 1)Mary was dressing in white.(误) 析:dressing应改为dressed。英语中dress, seat等动词常用于被动语态中。 2)We watched the train till it was disappeared.(误) 析:应将was去掉。disappear为不及物动词,无被动形式。 【注】语态使用不恰当的另一个表现是主动语态与被动语态之间的不必要转换。这样做不仅破坏了语句的简洁性和连贯性,有时还会让人产生误解。如: 【原句】I went out to play football with my friends as soon as my homework had been done.(劣) 【修正】I went out to play football with my friends as soon as I finished doing my homework.(优) 原句很容易让人产生误解。以为作业或许是别人完成的。显然,经过修正的句子前后连贯,意思更加清楚明了。 五、混淆状态动词与动作动词 英语中动词分为状态动词与动作动词,而动作动词又分为瞬间动词和延续性动词。由于汉语里没有这些区别,许多同学在表达时总是出错。 1.英语中瞬间动词不能与“段”时间状语连用。表达时应将其替换为状态动词或延续性动词。如: 1)My brother has joined the Army for more than two years.(误) 正:My brother has been in the Army for more than two years./或:My brother joined the Army more than two years ago. 2)Henry lent me a book and he told me that I could borrow it for a week.(误) 正:Henry lent me a book and he told me that I could keep it for a week. 2.瞬间动词与till或until引导的时间状语从句或构成的短语连用时,应使用否定形式,否则应使用状态动词或延续性动词。如: 1)He went to bed until eleven o'clock.(误) 正:He didn't go to bed until eleven o'clock. 2)He got married until he was thirty years old.(误) 正:He didn't get married until he was thirty years old./或:He stayed single until he was thirty years old.(stay为状态动词) 3.非延续性动词不能用于由从属连词 while引导的时间状语从句中。如: While I came into the classroom,Mary was reading.(误) 正:When I came into the classroom,Mary was reading. 六、谓语重叠以及谓语动词与非谓语动词间的误用 1.谓语重叠。这种错误多是由于许多同学忽略了英语中并列的谓语动词应使用连接词连接的这一常识而致。如: 1)He got out of his car,asked if I was badly injured.(误) 正:He got out of his car and asked if I was badly injured.(并列谓语)/或:He got out of his car,asking if I was badly injured.(分词作状语) 2)There were a lot of passengers died in the accident.(误) 正:There were a lot of passengers killed in the accident.(过去分词作定语)/或:A lot of passengers were killed in the accident.(简单句)3)I ran to the old man in a hurry,found the car's number was AC864. 析:ran与found两个动作一前一后,是两个并列谓语。应在found前加上and。 2.谓语动词与非谓语动词之间的误用。造成这类错误的主要原因是许多同学忽略了动词在使用时的另一个重要原则,即英语中动词在句子中只能作谓语,如果作其它成分,则必须使用非谓语动词。如: 1)After walk for a while,you will come to a hill.(误) After walk应为After walking或用状语从句After you walk...。 2)I'm looking forward to hear from you soon.(误) 析:应将hear改为hearing。look forward to中的to为介词,后面应接名词或动名词。 七、搭配错误 1.动词与宾语“搭配不当”。 1)We all took part in Helen's birthday party.(误) 析:“参加宴会”不用join或take part in,英语习惯说go to a party。又如:go to a concert(去听音乐会)/go to school(上学)/go to work(上班)/...等。 2)The students are working hard so as to study more knowledge.(误) 析:knowledge不与study或learn连用。这里应理解为“获取知识”,故应使用gain或 acquire。 3)I'm so glad to hear from your letter. 析:应将hear from改为receive,或将your letter改为you。hear from不与letter连用,常接“人”作宾语。 4)I expect that you can help my English.(误) 正:I expect that you can help me with my English./或:I expect that you can help me improve my English. 析:应理解为“在英语方面帮助我”。help的真正宾语应该是“我”。 2.动词与主语“搭配不当”。 动词使用过程中必须遵守的另一条重要原则是谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语保持一致。如: 1)English is one of the main subjects which is taught in middle school.(误) 析:定语从句修饰的是subjects。应将 which后的is改为are。 2)In front of the building stands two new teaching buildings.(误) 析:此句为倒装句,主语是two new buildings。应将stands改为stand。 【注】主语概念混淆是中学生写书面表达时的“常见病”。汉语句子的主谓关系是主题与评述的关系。但汉语中的主题未必就是英语中的主语。由于忽略英语和汉语不同的主语概念,有些同学顺手写出这样的病句。如: 1)Don't worry.Your father's illness(body) will get well soon.(误) 正:Don't worry.Your father will get well soon. 析:get well指“身体好转”,主语应为“人”,不与illness或body连用。 2)My studies have made much progress recently.(误) 正:I have made much progress in my studies recently. 析:“我的学习”是汉语的主题,并非英语句子的真正主语。取得进步的应是“人”。这句话应理解为“我最近在学习上取得了很大进步。” 3)Making friends should be very careful.(误) 正:One should be very careful in making friends. 析:be careful的主语应是“人”。这句话应理解为“一个人在交朋友方面应小心谨慎”。 八、句式方面错误 英语里以动词为核心的句型十分丰富。表达时应根据内容及文章的需要,选择使用。如: 1)My classmates suggest me to study hard.(误) 正:My classmates advise me to studyhard./或:M y classmates suggest that I(should) study hard. 2)Welcome you to visit our school.(误) 正:You are welcome to(come to)our school for a visit. 析:有些动词不能接不定式作补足语。易错的这类动词有:welcome /suggest /insist / hope /agree /demand等。 3)I had to explain the teacher the reason why I had been late.(误) 析:explain不能用于“主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语”句型中。故应在其后加上介词to。 4)There used to have a small river near my hometown.(误) 析:用have代替be是许多中学生在使用“There be结构”时易犯的错误。应将have改为be。 注意:为了避免出错,表达时应选择自己平时用得最熟、最有把握的句型。另外,对于书面表达常用的句型在平时学习过程中应做到“记死”,只有这样才能在考试中做到“用活”。 总之,只要熟悉动词常见的错误规律,把握正确的改正方法,并加以反复练习,同学们就一定能够避免上述错误的出现。 |
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